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Psychiatry & Medicine

Salvinorin A reduces neuropathic nociception in the insular cortex of the rat

October 4, 2017 / Neuroscience, Papers, Psychiatry & Medicine, Publications, Salvia / Salvinorin A / By / , , , , , ,

Abstract

BACKGROUND:
Neuropathic pain is one of the most important challenges in public health. The search for novel treatments is important for an adequate relief without adverse effects. In this sense salvinorin A (SA), the main diterpene of the medicinal plant Salvia divinorum is an important antinociceptive compound, which acts as a potent agonist of kappa opioid receptor (KOR) and cannabinoid CB1 receptors.
METHODS:
We evaluated nociceptive responses in a neuropathic pain model induced by the sciatic nerve ligature (SNL) in the right hind paw, after the microinjection of SA, Salvinorin B (SB), KOR and CB1 antagonists directly in the insular cortex (IC) in male wistar rats.
RESULTS:
We found a potent antinociceptive effect with the administration of SA. Moreover, this effect was blocked by the administration of a KOR antagonist as well as the administration of a CB1 antagonist.
CONCLUSION:
Salvinorin A has a potent antinociceptive effect when is administered centrally in the IC by the interaction with KOR and CB1 receptors.
SIGNIFICANCE:
We show evidence on the effectiveness of the administration of salvinorin A in the IC in a rodent model of neuropathic pain. These results support the use of novel compounds like SA as a therapeutic alternative for neuropathic pain relief.
Coffeen, U., Canseco‐Alba, A., Simón‐Arceo, K., Almanza, A., Mercado, F., León‐Olea, M., & Pellicer, F. (2017). Salvinorin A reduces neuropathic nociception in the insular cortex of the rat. European Journal of Pain. 10.1002/ejp.1120
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Psychedelic Drugs in Biomedicine

September 22, 2017 / Anxiety Disorders / PTSD, Depressive Disorders, LSD, Mescaline / Cacti, Mushrooms / Psilocybin, Neuroscience, Papers, Psychiatry & Medicine, Psychology, Substance Use Disorder / By / , , , ,

Abstract

Psychedelic drugs, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, and psilocybin, exert profound effects on brain and behavior. After decades of difficulties in studying these compounds, psychedelics are again being tested as potential treatments for intractable biomedical disorders. Preclinical research of psychedelics complements human neuroimaging studies and pilot clinical trials, suggesting these compounds as promising treatments for addiction, depression, anxiety, and other conditions. However, many questions regarding the mechanisms of action, safety, and efficacy of psychedelics remain. Here, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical data in this field, discuss their pharmacological mechanisms of action, and outline critical areas for future studies of psychedelic drugs, with the goal of maximizing the potential benefits of translational psychedelic biomedicine to patients.
Kyzar, E. J., Nichols, C. D., Gainetdinov, R. R., Nichols, D. E., & Kalueff, A. V. (2017). Psychedelic Drugs in Biomedicine. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 10.1016/j.tips.2017.08.003
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Harmine suppresses the proliferation and migration of human ovarian cancer cells through inhibiting ERK/CREB pathway

September 13, 2017 / Ayahuasca, Papers, Psychiatry & Medicine, Publications / By / , , , , ,

Abstract

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynaecological cancer and the sixth most common cause of cancer related death among Western women. Recent studies show that harmine, a small-molecular β-carboline alkaloid present in medicinal plants, displayed obvious anticancer effects in several cancer cells. However, the effect of harmine on ovarian cancer is not well understood. In the present study, the effect of harmine on the cell proliferation and migration of ovarian cancer SKOV-3 cells and the underlying mechanism were investigated. Our results indicated that harmine significantly suppressed the proliferation of SKOV-3 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, it also inhibited the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced proliferation of SKOV-3 cells. Moreover, the migration of SKOV-3 cells was markedly inhibited by harmine treatment. Further study showed that harmine inhibited not only the basal phosphorylation level of extra­cellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB) but also EGF-induced ERK1/2 and CREB phosphorylation. Finally, harmine significantly suppressed the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family MMP-2, and MMP-9. In conclusion, our data revealed that harmine inhibited the proliferation and migration of SKOV-3 cells, which might be mediated by ERK/CREB pathway. These findings elucidate that harmine may act as a potential therapeutic drug for ovarian cancer treatment.

Gao, J., Zhu, H., Wan, H., Zou, X., Ma, X., & Gao, G. (2017). Harmine suppresses the proliferation and migration of human ovarian cancer cells through inhibiting ERK/CREB pathway. Oncology Reports, 38(5), 2927-2934. 10.3892/or.2017.5952
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First Time View on Human Metabolome Changes after a Single Intake of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in Healthy Placebo-Controlled Subjects

September 1, 2017 / MDMA, Papers, Psychiatry & Medicine, Publications / By / , , , ,

Abstract

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; “ecstasy”) is widely consumed recreationally. Little is known about its effects on the human metabolome. Mapping biochemical changes after drug exposure can complement traditional approaches by revealing potential biomarkers of organ toxicity or discovering new metabolomic features in a time- and dose-dependent manner. We aimed to analyze for the first time plasma samples from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study in healthy adults to explore changes in endogenous plasma metabolites following a single intake of MDMA. Plasma samples from 15 subjects taken at four different time points were analyzed with the commercially available AbsoluteIDQ kit (Biocrates). Time series analysis revealed a total of nine metabolites, which showed a significant concentration change after MDMA administration compared with placebo. Paired t tests of the single time points showed statistically significant concentration changes mainly of glycerophospholipids and the metabolic ratio of methionine-sulfoxide over methionine. Changes of this metabolic ratio may be indicative for changes in systemic oxidative stress levels, and the increased amount of glycerophospholipids could be interpreted as an upregulation of energy production. Baseline samples within the experimental study design were crucial for evaluation of metabolomics data as interday individuality within subjects was high otherwise resulting in overestimations of the findings.
Boxler, M. I., Liechti, M. E., Schmid, Y., Kraemer, T., & Steuer, A. E. (2017). First Time View on Human Metabolome Changes after a Single Intake of 3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in Healthy Placebo-Controlled Subjects. Journal of proteome research, 16(9), 3310-3320. 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00294
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Harmine is an inflammatory inhibitor through the suppression of NF-κB signaling

July 29, 2017 / Ayahuasca, Papers, Psychiatry & Medicine / By / , , , , ,

Abstract

Harmine is a major constituent in a hallucinogenic botanical mixture ayahuasca and medical plant Peganum harmala L. The plant is used for various illnesses and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. However, the active constituents remain unclear. Here, we screened the seven alkaloids in P. harmala for their anti-inflammatory activity using an nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) reporter assay. We found that harmine and harmol could inhibit NF-κB transactivity. As the most abundant compound, harmine inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)- and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced NF-κB transactivity and nuclear translocation in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. The mRNA and protein levels of NF-κB downstream inflammatory cytokines also reduced. In an LPS-challenged mouse model, harmine markedly averted inflammatory damage of the lung, and decreased serum TNF-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 levels. Our data indicate that harmine may exert the anti-inflammatory effect by inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway and harmine is probably responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of P. harmala.

Liu, X., Li, M., Tan, S., Wang, C., Fan, S., & Huang, C. (2017). Harmine is an inflammatory inhibitor through the suppression of NF-κB signaling. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.126
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The 2017 Ayahuasca Technical Report

July 26, 2017 / Anthropology & Sociology, Anxiety Disorders / PTSD, Ayahuasca, Biology & Ethnobotany, Neuroscience, Papers, Psychiatry & Medicine, Psychology, Publications, Substance Use Disorder / By

ICEERS has just released the 2017 edition of the Ayahuasca Technical Report. Signed by ten of the world’s leading ayahuasca researchers, this report is an important document that summarizes the most relevant scientific findings from the past few decades, as well as key information about the history, legality, pharmacology, and potential therapeutic or adverse effects of ayahuasca. Our intention with this report is to provide objective and up-to-date information to policy makers, judges, lawyers and other officials in charge of developing policies, programs, legislation or involved in legal cases relating to ayahuasca.
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First time view on human metabolome changes after a single intake of 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in healthy placebo-controlled subjects

July 19, 2017 / MDMA, Papers, Psychiatry & Medicine / By / , , , ,

Abstract

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; “ecstasy”) is widely consumed recreationally. Little is known about its effects on the human metabolome. Mapping biochemical changes after drug exposure can complement traditional approaches by revealing potential biomarkers of organ toxicity or discovering new metabolomic features in a time- and dose-dependent manner. We aimed to analyze for the first time plasma samples from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study in healthy adults to explore changes in endogenous plasma metabolites following a single intake of MDMA. Plasma samples from 15 subjects taken at four different time points were analyzed with the commercially available AbsoluteIDQ kit (Biocrates). Time series analysis revealed a total of nine metabolites, which showed a significant concentration change after MDMA administration compared with placebo. Paired t tests of the single time points showed statistically significant concentration changes mainly of glycerophospholipids and the metabolic ratio of methionine-sulfoxide over methionine. Changes of this metabolic ratio may be indicative for changes in systemic oxidative stress levels, and the increased amount of glycerophospholipids could be interpreted as an upregulation of energy production. Baseline samples within the experimental study design were crucial for evaluation of metabolomics data as interday individuality within subjects was high otherwise resulting in overestimations of the findings.
Boxler, M. I., Liechti, M. E., Schmid, Y., Kraemer, T., & Steuer, A. E. (2017). First Time View on Human Metabolome Changes after a Single Intake of 3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in Healthy Placebo-Controlled Subjects. Journal of Proteome Research, 16(9), 3310-3320. 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00294
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Neuropathic and inflammatory antinociceptive effects and electrocortical changes produced by Salvia divinorum in rats

July 12, 2017 / Neuroscience, Papers, Psychiatry & Medicine, Salvia / Salvinorin A / By / , , , , , ,

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Salvia divinorum is a medicinal plant traditionally used in hallucinogenic ethnopharmacological practices and for its analgesic and antinflammatory properties. Its active compounds include diterpenes known as salvinorins which act as potent κ opioid receptor agonists.

Aim of the study

Given its effects in acute animal models of pain, as well as its antinflammatory attributes, we decided to investigate the analgesic effects of an SD extract in neuropathic (sciatic loose nerve ligature) and inflammatory (intra plantar carrageenan) pain models in rats. We also determined in this study the electrocorticographic changes to correlate similar hallucinogenic state and behavior as those produced in humans.

Material and methods

Mechanical and thermonociceptive responses, plantar test and von Frey assay, respectively, were measured in adult Wistar rats 30 min, 3 h and 24 h after the intraperitoneal administration of saline or an hydroponic SD extract. We also evaluated carbamazepine and celecoxib, as gold reference drugs, to compare its antinociceptive effects.

Results

Our results showed that administration of SD extract induced antialgesic effects in both neuropathic and inflammatory pain models. All those effects were blocked by nor-binaltorphimine (a Kappa opioid receptor antagonist). Moreover, it was observed an increase of the anterior power spectral density and a decrease in the posterior region as electrocorticographic changes.

Conclusion

The present investigation give evidence that SD is capable to reduce algesic response associated to neuropathic and inflammatory nociception. This study support therapeutic alternatives for a disabling health problem due to the long term pain with high impact on population and personal and social implications.

Simón-Arceo, K., González-Trujano, M. E., Coffeen, U., Fernández-Mas, R., Mercado, F., Almanza, A., … & Pellicer, F. (2017). Neuropathic and inflammatory antinociceptive effects and electrocortical changes produced by Salvia divinorum in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 206, 115-124. 10.1016/j.jep.2017.05.016
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Isolated non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema – A rare complication of MDMA toxicity

June 27, 2017 / MDMA, Papers, Psychiatry & Medicine, Publications / By / , , , ,

Abstract

This is a case of a 19-year-old male who presented to the medical tent at an outdoor electronic dance music festival (EDMF) due to an altered mental state in the setting of acute 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) intoxication. He was noted to be in severe respiratory distress, required endotracheal intubation in the field and subsequently developed Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) without other acute organ dysfunction. He was hospitalized for 5days requiring endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. By presenting this case, we will explore and discuss the cardiopulmonary effects of MDMA intoxication that can lead to a rare, deleterious complication of MDMA intoxication other than previously reported adverse outcomes.
Haaland, A., Warman, E., Pushkar, I., Likourezos, A., & Friedman, M. S. (2017). Isolated non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema—A rare complication of MDMA toxicity. The American journal of emergency medicine, 35(9), 1385-e3. 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.06.040
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Psilocybin-assisted therapy for anxiety and depression: implications for euthanasia

June 19, 2017 / Anxiety Disorders / PTSD, Mushrooms / Psilocybin, Papers, Psychiatry & Medicine, Psychology, Publications / By /

Abstract

Despite their stigmatisation, psychedelic drugs are once again being clinically researched in Europe and North America. This long-awaited renaissance is showing very promising results and, unlike the pioneering research that occurred before these drugs were outlawed over 30 years ago, the current methodology is rigorous and of a very high standard.
Strauss, N. (2017). Psilocybin-assisted therapy for anxiety and depression: implications for euthanasia. The Medical Journal of Australia, 206(11), 468-469. 10.5694/mja17.00081
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